vintage_systems:amis_editor []

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<code>
You are looking at the AMIS tutorial.  Comments on this document
should be sent to the KOM conference "AMIS erfarenhetsutbyte".

AMIS commands generally involve the CONTROL key (sometimes labelled
CTRL or CTL) or the META key (sometimes labelled EDIT).  Rather than
write out META or CONTROL each time we want you to prefix a character,
we'll use the following abbreviations:

 C-<chr>  means hold the CONTROL key while typing the character <chr>
	  Thus, C-F would be: hold the CONTROL key and type F.
 M-<chr>  means hold the META or EDIT key down while typing <chr>.
	  If there is no META or EDIT key, type <ALT>, release it,
	  then type the character <chr>.  "<ALT>" stands for the
	  key labelled "ALT" or "ESC".

The characters ">>" at the left margin indicate directions for you to
try using a command.  For instance:

>>  Now type C-V (View next screen) to move to the next screen.
	(go ahead, do it by depressing the control key and V together).
	From now on, you'll be expected to do this whenever you finish
	reading the screen.

Note that there is an overlap when going from screen to screen; this
provides some continuity when moving through the file.

The first thing that you need to know is how to move around from
place to place in the file.  You already know how to move forward a
screen, with C-V.  To move backwards a screen, type M-V (depress the
META key and type V, or type <ALT>V if you don't have a META or EDIT
key).

>>  Try typing M-V and then C-V to move back and forth a few times.


SUMMARY
-------

The following commands are useful for viewing screenfuls:

	C-V	Move forward one screenful
	M-V	Move backward one screenful
	C-L	Clear screen and redisplay everything
		 putting the text near the cursor at the center.

>> Find the cursor and remember what text is near it.
   Then type a C-L.
   Find the cursor again and see what text is near it now.


WARNING
-------

For the moment, some of the commands described here have not been implemented
yet. If you try to use of of them, you will get the
"NYI? Function is Not Yet Implemented" error message. Also, some commands
do not yet function exactly as described here. When you encounter one
of those cases, have forbearance.


BASIC CURSOR CONTROL
--------------------

Getting from screenful to screenful is useful, but how do you
reposition yourself within a given screen to a specific place?
There are several ways you can do this.  One way (not the best, but
the most basic) is to use the commands previous, backward, forward
and next.  As you can imagine these commands (which are given to
AMIS as C-P, C-B, C-F, and C-N  respectively) move the cursor from
where it currently is to a new place in the given direction.  Here,
in a more graphical form are the commands:
 
			  Previous line, C-P
				  :
				  :
   Backward, C-B .... Current cursor position .... Forward, C-F
				  :
				  :
			  Next line, C-N

You'll probably find it easy to think of these by letter.  P for
previous, N for next, B for backward and F for forward.  These are
the basic cursor positioning commands and you'll be using them ALL
the time so it would be of great benefit if you learn them now.

>> Do a few C-N's to bring the cursor down to this line.

>> Move into the line with C-F's and then up with C-P's.
   See what C-P does when the cursor is in the middle of the line.

Lines are separated by a pair of characters, a Return and a Linefeed,
but AMIS almost always makes them look like one character.  You
can think of it as a Newline.

>> Try to C-B at the beginning of a line.  Do a few more C-B's.
   Then do C-F's back to the end of the line and beyond.

When you go off the top or bottom of the screen, the text beyond
the edge is shifted onto the screen so that your instructions can
be carried out while keeping the cursor on the screen.

>> Try to move the cursor off the bottom of the screen with C-N and
   see what happens.

If moving by characters is too slow, you can move by words.  M-F
(Meta-F) moves forward a word and M-B moves back a word.

>> Type a few M-F's and M-B's.  Intersperse them with C-F's and C-B's.

Notice the parallel between C-F and C-B on the one hand, and M-F and
M-B on the other hand.  Very often Meta characters are used for
operations related to English text whereas Control characters operate
on the basic textual units that are independent of what you are
editing (characters, lines, etc).  There is a similar parallel between
lines and sentences: C-A and C-E move to the beginning or end of a
line, and M-A and M-E move to the beginning or end of a sentence.

>> Try a couple of C-A's, and then a couple of C-E's.
   Try a couple of M-A's, and then a couple of M-E's.

See how repeated C-A's do nothing, but repeated M-A's
keep moving farther.  Do you think that this is right?

Two other simple cursor motion commands are M-< (Meta Less-than),
which moves to the beginning of the file, and M-> (Meta Greater-than),
which moves to the end of the file.  You probably don't need to try
them, since finding this spot again will be boring.  If you need the
shift key to type a "<", then you must also use the shift key to type
M-<.  Otherwise, you would be typing M-, .

The location of the cursor in the text is also called "point".  To
paraphrase, the cursor shows on the screen where point is located in
the text.

Here is a summary of simple moving operations including
the word and sentence moving commands:

	C-F	Move forward a character
	C-B	Move backward a character

	M-F	Move forward a word
	M-B	Move backward a word

	C-N	Move to next line
	C-P	Move to previous line

	C-A	Move to beginning of line
	C-E	Move to end of line

	M-A	Move back to beginning of sentence
	M-E	Move forward to end of sentence

	M-<	Go to beginning of file
	M->	Go to end of file

>> Try all of these commands now a few times for practice.
   Since the last two will take you away from this screen,
   you can come back here with M-V's and C-V's.  These are
   the most often used commands.

Like all other commands in AMIS, these commands can be given
arguments which cause them to be executed repeatedly.  The way you
give a command a repeat count is by typing C-U and then the digits
before you type the command.  If you have a META or EDIT key, you can
omit the C-U if you hold down the META or EDIT key while you type the
digits.  This is easier, but we recommend the C-U method because it
works on any terminal.

For instance, C-U 8 C-F moves forward eight characters.
	
>> Try giving a suitable argument to C-N or C-P to come as close
   as you can to this line in one jump.

The only apparent exception to this is the screen moving commands,
C-V and M-V.  When given an argument, they scroll the screen up or
down by that many lines, rather than screenfuls.  This proves to be
much more useful.

>> Try typing C-U 8 C-V now.

Did it scroll the screen up by 8 lines?  If you would like to
scroll it down you can give an argument to M-V.


WHEN AMIS IS HUNG
-----------------

If you want to interrupt AMIS when it is waiting for input, you can
stop it safely by typing C-G.
You can also use C-G to discard a numeric argument or the beginning of
a command that you don't want to finish.

>> Type C-U 100 to make a numeric arg of 100, then type C-G.
   Now type C-F.  How many characters does it move?
   If you have typed an <ALT> by mistake, you can get rid of it
   with a C-G.

Note that you can only use C-G to interrupt AMIS when it is waiting for
input. If AMIS is running, the only way to stop it is typing one or two
C-C's to get to the monitor and then give the "REENTER" command to the
monitor. Note that this is a dangerous procedure that might cause your
text buffer to be corrupted! Don't use it unless you absolutely have to.


INSERTING AND DELETING
----------------------

If you want to type text, just do it.  Characters which you can see,
such as A, 7, *, etc. are taken by AMIS as text and inserted
immediately.  Type <Return> (the carriage-return key) to insert a line
separator.

You can delete the last character you typed by typing <Rubout>.
<Rubout> is a key on the keyboard, which may be labelled "Delete"
instead of "Rubout" on some terminals.  More generally, <Rubout>
deletes the character immediately before the current cursor position.

>> Do this now, type a few characters and then delete them
   by typing <Rubout> a few times.  Don't worry about this file
   being changed; you won't affect the master tutorial.  This is just
   a copy of it.

>> Now start typing text until you reach the right margin, and keep
   typing.  When a line of text gets too big for one line on the
   screen, the line of text is "continued" onto a second screen line.
   The exclamation mark at the right margin indicates a line which has
   been continued.
>> Use <Rubout>s to delete the text until the line fits on one screen
   line again.  The continuation line goes away.

>> Move the cursor to the beginning of a line and type <Rubout>.  This
   deletes the line separator before the line and merges the line onto
   the previous line.  The resulting line may be too long to fit, in
   which case it has a continuation line.
>> Type <Return> to insert the separator again.

Remember that most AMIS commands can be given a repeat count;  Note
that this includes characters which insert themselves.

>>  Try that now -- type C-U 8 * and see what happens.

You've now learned the most basic way of typing something in
AMIS and correcting errors.  You can delete by words or lines
as well.  Here is a summary of the delete operations:

	<Rubout>     delete the character just before the cursor
	C-D   	     delete the next character after the cursor

	M-<Rubout>   kill the word immediately before the cursor
	M-D	     kill the next word after the cursor

	C-K	     kill from the cursor position to end of line
	M-K	     kill to the end of the current sentence

Notice that <Rubout> and C-D vs M-<Rubout> and M-D extend the parallel
started by C-F and M-F (well, <Rubout> isn't really a control
character, but let's not worry about that).  C-K and M-K are like C-E
and M-E, sort of, in that lines are opposite sentences.

Now suppose you kill something, and then you decide that you want to
get it back?  Well, whenever you kill something bigger than a
character, AMIS saves it for you.  To yank it back, use C-Y.  Note
that you don't have to be in the same place to do C-Y; This is a good
way to move text around.  Also note that the difference between
"Killing" and "Deleting" something is that "Killed" things can be
yanked back, and "Deleted" things cannot.  Generally, the commands
that can destroy a lot of text save it, while the ones that attack
only one character, or nothing but blank lines and spaces, do not
save.

For instance, type C-N a couple times to postion the cursor
at some line on this screen.

>> Do this now, move the cursor and kill that line with C-K.

Note that a single C-K kills the contents of the line, and a second
C-K kills the line itself, and make all the other lines move up.  If
you give C-K a repeat count, it kills that many lines AND their
contents.

The text that has just disappeared is saved so that you can
retrieve it.  To retrieve the last killed text and put it where
the cursor currently is, type C-Y.

>> Try it; type C-Y to yank the text back.

Think of C-Y as if you were yanking something back that someone
took away from you.  Notice that if you do several C-K's in a row
the text that is killed is all saved together so that one C-Y will
yank all of the lines.

>> Do this now, type C-K several times.

Now to retrieve that killed text:

>> Type C-Y.  Then move the cursor down a few lines and type C-Y
   again.  You now see how to copy some text.


FILES
-----

In order to make the text you edit permanent, you must put it in a
file.  Otherwise, it will go away when your invocation of AMIS goes
away.  You put your editing in a file by "visiting" the file.  What
visiting means is that you see the contents of the file in your AMIS;
and, loosely speaking, what you are editing is the file itself.
However, the changes still don't become permanent until you "save" the
file.  This is so you can have control to avoid leaving a half-changed
file around when you don't want to.  Even then, AMIS really makes a
new version of the file and doesn't change the old version at all (so
that you can verify or throw away your changes later if you like).

If you look near the bottom of the screen you will see a
line that starts with "AMIS  (Fundamental)  Main:" and continues with
the filename DSKx:AMIS.TUT<some directory>. This is the name of
the AMIS tutorial; the file you are now visiting.  Whatever file you
visit, that file's name will appear in that precise spot.

The commands for visiting and saving files are unlike the other
commands you have learned in that they consist of two characters.
They both start with the character Control-X.  There is a whole series
of commands that start with Control-X; many of them have to do with
files, buffers, and related things, and all of them consist of
Control-X followed by some other character.

Another thing about the command for visiting a file is that you have
to say what file name you want.  We say the command "reads an argument
from the terminal" (in this case, the argument is the name of the
file).  After you type the command

	C-X C-V   Visit a file

AMIS will ask you for the file name.  You should end the name with
the Return key.  After this command, you will see the contents of the
file in your AMIS. You can edit the contents.  When you wish to make
the changes permanent, issue the command

	C-X C-S   Save the file

A new version of the file will be created.  When the operation is
finished, AMIS prints the name of the file saved.  You should save
fairly often, so that you will not lose very much work if the system
should crash.

To make a new file, just visit it "as if" it already existed.  Then
start typing in the text.  When you ask to "save" the file, AMIS
will really create the file with the text that you have inserted.
From then on, you can consider yourself to be editing an already
existing file.

It is not easy for you to try out visiting a file and continue with
the tutorial.  But you can always come back into the tutorial by
starting it over and skipping forward.  So, when you feel ready, you
should try visiting a file named "FOO", putting some text in it, and
saving it; then exit from AMIS and look at the file to be sure that
it worked.


EXTENDING THE COMMAND SET
-------------------------

There are many, many more AMIS commands than could possibly be put
on all the control and meta characters.  AMIS gets around this with
the X (eXtend) command.  This comes in two flavors:

	C-X	Character eXtend.  Followed by one character.
	M-X	Named command eXtend.  Followed by a long name.

These are commands that are generally useful but used less than the
commands you have already learned about.  You have already seen two
of them: the file commands C-X C-V to Visit and C-X C-S to Save.
Another example is the command to tell AMIS that you'd
like to stop editing.  The command to do this is C-X C-Z. Think of
it as Z for zapping yourself.

There are many C-X commands.  The ones you need immediately are:

	C-X C-V		Visit file.
	C-X C-S		Save file.
	C-X C-Z		Quit AMIS.  This does NOT save your file.  The
			standard way to save and exit is C-X C-S C-X C-Z.

Named eXtend commands are commands which are used even less
frequently, or commands which are used only in certain modes.  These
commands are usually called "functions".  An example the function
Replace String which globally replaces one string with another.  When
you type M-X, AMIS prompts you at the bottom of the screen with
M-X and you should type the name of the function you wish to call; in
this case, "Replace String".  Just type "Replace String<Return>".
Then you type the string that you want to replace, a return,
the string you want to replace it with, and a return.

>> Move the cursor to the blank line two lines below this one.
   Then type M-X replace string<Return>changed<Return>altered<Return>.

   Notice how this line has changed: you've replaced
   the word c-h-a-n-g-e-d with "altered" wherever it occurs
   after the cursor.



MODE LINE
---------

If AMIS sees that you are typing commands slowly it shows them to you
at the bottom of the screen in an area called the echo area.  The echo
area contains the bottom line of the screen.  The line
immediately above it is called the MODE LINE.  The mode line says
something like

   AMIS (Fundamental) Main: filename				    --nn%-- *

This is a very useful "information" line.

You already know what the filename means -- it is the file you have
visited.  What the --nn%-- means is that nn percent of the file is
above the top of the screen.  If the top of the file is on the screen,
it will say --TOP-- instead of --00%--.  If the bottom of the file is
on the screen, it will say --BOT--.  If you are looking at a file so
small it all fits on the screen, the --nn%-- will simply not be there.

The star means that you have made changes to the text.  Right after
you visit or save a file, there is no star.

The part of the mode line inside the parentheses is to tell you what
modes you are in.  The default mode is Fundamental which is what you
are in now.  It is an example of a "major mode".  There are several
major modes in AMIS for editing different languages and text, such as
LISP mode, Text mode, etc.  At any time one and only one major mode is
active, and its name can always be found in the mode line just where
"Fundamental" is now.  Each major mode makes a few commands behave
differently.  For example, there are commands for creating comments in
a program, and since each programming language has a different idea of
what a comment should look like, each major mode has to insert
comments differently.  Each major mode is the name of an extended
command, which is how you get into the mode.  For example,
M-X Fundamental Mode is how to get into Fundamental mode.

If you are going to be editing English text, such as this file, you
should probably use Text Mode.
>> Type M-X Text Mode<Return>.

Don't worry, none of the commands you have learned changes in any
great way.  But you can now observe that periods are no longer part of
words when you do M-F or M-B!  Major modes are usually like that:
commands don't change into completely unrelated things, but they work
a little bit differently.

Major modes are called major because there are also minor modes.
They are called minor because they aren't alternatives to the major
modes, just minor modifications of them.  Each minor mode can be
turned on or off by itself, regardless of what major mode you are in,
and regardless of the other minor modes.  So you can use no minor
modes, or one minor mode, or any combination of several minor modes.

One minor mode which is very useful, especially for editing English
text, is Auto Fill mode.  When this mode is on, AMIS breaks the line
in between words automatically whenever the line gets too long.  You
can turn this mode on by doing M-X Auto Fill Mode<Return>.  When the
mode is on, you can turn it off by doing M-X Auto Fill Mode<Return>.
If the mode is off, this function turns it on, and if the mode is on,
this function turns it off.  This is called "toggling".

>> Type M-X Auto Fill Mode<Return> now.  Then insert a line of "asdf "
   over again until you see it divide into two lines.  You must put in
   spaces between them because Auto Fill breaks lines only at spaces.
   Notice that "Fill" appears in the mode line in addition to the name
   of the major mode, not instead of it.

The margin is usually set at 70 characters, but you can change it
with the C-X F command.  You should give the margin setting you want
as a numeric argument.

>> Type C-X F with an argument of 20.  (C-U 2 0 C-X F).
   Then type in some text and see
   AMIS fill lines of 20 characters with it.  Then set the margin
   back to 70 using C-X F again.


SEARCHING
---------

AMIS can do searches for strings (these are groups of contiguous
characters or words) either forward through the file or backward
through it.  To search for the string means that you are trying to
locate it somewhere in the file and have AMIS show you where the
occurrences of the string exist.  This type of search is somewhat
different from what you may be familiar with.  It is a search that is
performed as you type in the thing to search for.  The command to
initiate a search is C-S for forward search, and C-R for reverse
search.  BUT WAIT!  Don't do them now.  When you type C-S you'll
notice that the string "I-search" appears as a prompt in the echo
area.  This tells you that AMIS is in what is called an incremental
search waiting for you to type the thing that you want to search for.
A search is terminated by <ALT>.

>> Now type C-S to start a search.  SLOWLY, one letter at a time,
   type the word 'cursor', pausing after you type each
   character to notice what happens to the cursor.
>> Type C-S to find the next occurrence of "cursor".
>> Now type <Rubout> four times and see how the cursor moves.
>> Type <Alt> to terminate the search.

Did you see what happened?  AMIS, in an incremental search, tries to
go to the occurrence of the string that you've typed out so far.  To go
to the next occurrence of 'cursor' just type C-S again.  If no such
occurrence exists AMIS beeps and tells you that it is a failing
search.  C-G would also terminate the search.

If you are in the middle of an incremental search and type <Rubout>,
you'll notice that the last character in the search string is erased
and the search backs up to the last place of the search.  For
instance, suppose you currently have typed 'cu' and you see that your
cursor is at the first occurrence of 'cu'.  If you now type <Rubout>,
the 'u' on the search line is erased and you'll be repositioned in the
text to the occurrence of 'c' where the search took you before you
typed the 'u'.  This provides a useful means for backing up while you
are searching.

If you are in the middle of a search and happen to type a control
character (other than a C-S or C-R, which tell AMIS to search for the
next occurrence of the string), the search is terminated.

The C-S starts a search that looks for any occurrence of the search
string AFTER the current cursor position.  But what if you want to
search for something earlier in the text?  To do this one should
type C-R for Reverse search.  Everything that applies to C-S applies
to C-R except that the direction of the search is reversed.


GETTING MORE HELP
-----------------

In this tutorial we have tried to supply just enough information to
get you started using AMIS.  There is so much available in AMIS that
it would be impossible to explain it all here.  However, you may want
to learn more about AMIS since it has numerous desirable features
that you don't know about yet.  AMIS has a great deal of internal
documentation.  All of these commands can be accessed through the HELP
character.  If there is no key labelled "HELP" on your keyboard,
you can type the <HELP> character as C-_ (Control-Underscore), or with
the <HOLD> key, on Datamedia terminals.  Be warned: many terminals
are faulty and do not allow you to type the character C-_ in the
logical way (hold down Control and type an underscore).  For example,
on a VT-100 it works to hold down Control and type "/" or "?".

To use the HELP features, type the <HELP> character, and then a
character saying what kind of help you want.  If you are REALLY lost,
type <HELP> ? and AMIS will tell you what kinds of help it can give.
If you have typed the <HELP> character and decide you don't want any
help, just type C-G to abort.

The most basic HELP feature is <HELP> B. Type <HELP>, a B, and
AMIS prints a short summary of its most important commands.

>> Type <HELP> B. When the summary has been printed, AMIS will wait
   for you to to type a space. When you have done that, the text in
   the text buffer (this text) will be restored on the screen.

Another simple HELP feature is <HELP> C.  Type <HELP>, a C, and a
command character, and AMIS prints a description of the command.

>> Type <HELP> C Control-P.  It should print

	The command Control-P runs the function ^R Up Real Line:
	Move up vertically to the next real line.
	Continuation lines are skipped.

The "name of the function" is important for people who are customizing
AMIS.  It is what appears in the AMIS CHART as the documentation for
the command character.  It often starts with the characters "^R".  For
now you can ignore it.

Multi-character commands such as C-X C-Z and (if you have no META or
EDIT key) <ALT>V are also allowed after <HELP> C.

Here are some other useful <HELP> options:

   <HELP> D	Describe a function.  You type in the name of the
		function.

>> Try typing <HELP> D Replace String<Return>

   <HELP> A	Apropos.  Type in a keyword and AMIS will list
		all the functions containing that keyword.  For some
		functions it will also list a one or two character
		command which has the same effect.

>> Type <HELP> A File<Return>.  You will see a list of all functions
(M-X commands) with "file" in their names.  You will also see commands
like C-X C-V and C-X C-S, listed under the corresponding function
names.  When it says "--More--" at the bottom of the screen, type
a Space to see the rest of the list.


CONCLUSION
----------

This tutorial is meant to be understandable to all new users, so if
you found something unclear, don't sit and blame yourself - complain!

This file was adapted from <EMACS>TEACH-EMACS.TUTORIAL, a tutorial file
for EMACS, an advanced real-time screen editor of which AMIS is but a
faint shadow. If you have access to a PDP-10 computer running the ITS or
Twenex (TOPS-20) operating systems, you could benefit from all the wonders
of EMACS, but otherwise you will have to be satisfied with this!

He, who useth AMIS, or any other EMACS-inspired editor, should acknowledge
the work of Richard M. Stallman of the M.I.T. Artificial Intelligence
laboratory, who conceived and implemented EMACS.
</code>

<code>
                  **** AMIS QUICK REFERENCE CARD ****

SOME NECESSARY INFORMATION:
Any ordinary character goes into the buffer (no insert command needed).
In commands, use carriage return, shown as <CR>, after a string unless
the chart shows $, meaning, use ESCAPE.  

C-            A  control character.  C-F means "control F".  C-_ means
              "control underscore" (use C-? on a VT100 to get C-_).
M-            A two-character command sequence where the first character
              is ESCAPE.  M-F means "ESCAPE then F".
M-X string    A command designated "by hand".  M-X Write Region means:
              ESCAPE, then "X", then type "Write Region", then <CR>.
Dot           AMIS term for cursor position in current buffer.

GETTING OUT.
C-X C-S       Write current buffer into a new version of current file.
C-X C-W       Write current buffer into a file with a different name
C-X C-Z       Quit by exiting to the monitor.
M-X Push      Push to a subprocess. (Depends on the operating system.)

BUFFER OPERATIONS.
C-X C-F       Get a file into a buffer for editing.
C-X B         Select a different buffer (prompts; default = last one).
C-X C-B       Display the list of available buffers.
C-X K         Kill a buffer (prompts; default = current one).
M-<           Move to the beginning of the current buffer.
M->           Move to the end of the current buffer.

HELP AND HELPER FUNCTIONS.
C-G           Abort while AMIS expects input. (beeps; you may need 2).
M-? X         What does this key do? (try M-? C-K as an example).
C-_ A string  Show every command containing string (try C-_ A Paragr).
C-_ D string  Describe a command (try C-_ D Query Rep).
M-X Undo      Cancel a gross change already in effect.
C-Y           Yank back the last thing killed (not the same as deleted).
M-n           Provide a numeric argument of n for the next command. 
C-Q           Insert a control character in the buffer (e.g. C-Q C-L). 

CHARACTER OPERATIONS.
C-B           Move left (Back).
C-F           Move right (Forward).
C-P           Move up (Previous).
C-N           Move down (Next).
RUBOUT        Delete left.
C-D           Delete right.
C-T           Transpose the characters before and after dot (ht -> th).

WORD OPERATIONS.
M-B           Move left (Back).
M-F           Move right (Forward).
M-RUBOUT      Kill left (C-Y yanks it back at dot).
M-D           Kill right (C-Y yanks it back at dot).
M-T           Transpose 2 words around dot (if only -> only if).
M-C           Capitalize word.
M-U           Upcase word.
M-L           Downcase word.


LINE OPERATIONS.
C-A           Move to the beginning.
C-E           Move to the end.
C-O           Open up a line for typing.
C-X C-O       Close up all blank lines but one around dot.
M-0 C-K       Kill from beginning to dot (C-Y yanks it back at dot).
C-K           Kill from dot to end (C-Y yanks it back at dot).

SENTENCE OPERATIONS.
M-A           Move to the beginning.
M-E           Move to the end.
C-X RUBOUT    Kill from beginning to dot (C-Y yanks it back at dot).
M-K           Kill from dot to end (C-Y yanks it back at dot).

PARAGRAPH OPERATIONS.
M-[           Move to beginning.
M-]           Move to end.
M-Q           Fill the current paragraph.
M-n C-X F     Set the fill column to n (e.g. M-60 C-X F).

SCREEN OPERATIONS.
C-V           Show next screen page.
M-V           Show previous screen page.
C-L           Redisplay screen page.
M-0 C-L       Move the line where dot is to line 0 (top) of the screen.

PAGE OPERATIONS.
C-X [         Move to beginning (last ^L).
C-X ]         Move to end (next ^L).

SEARCH AND REPLACE.
C-S           "Incremental" search; searches while you enter string
              (C-S str$).
C-R           "Incremental" backward search (C-R str$).
M-X Replace String
              Replace one string with another (M-X Repl$one string$another).
M-X Query Replace 
              Replace one string with another, wants SPACE meaning
              "do it" or RUBOUT to skip (M-X Qu$one string$another).

REGION OPERATIONS.
Note: Region is the area of buffer between dot and mark (or mark and
dot). Some commands set the mark, so check it before using.

C-@           Set the mark (for use with REGION commands).
C-X C-X       Exchange dot and mark (i.e. go to other end of region).
C-W           Kill region (C-Y yanks it back at dot).

WINDOW OPERATIONS.
C-X 2         Split screen in two windows (same buffer shown in both.)
C-X 1         Resume single window (using buffer from top window).
C-X O         Move cursor to other window (usual commands still apply).
C-Z V         Display the next screen in the other window.
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