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email_advanced [2022/05/05 22:18] – [Introduction, and what you //will not// find here] fixed the fact that headline can't support other format peteyboyemail_advanced [2024/09/04 05:37] (current) – “// hc9
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 +====== E-Mail, Advanced Topics ======
 +
 +This tutorial discusses advanced topics concerning e-mail on SDF: spam filtering, automatic processing, forwarding. It is probably only useful for ARPA members.
 +
 +===== Introduction =====
 +
 +**  and what you //will not// find here**
 +
 +Here we discuss advanced topics for e-mail processing on SDF, mainly automatic processing of incoming messages with ''procmail'' and forwarding issues. As ''procmail'' is only available to ARPA members, the contents of this tutorial will be mostly useless to //user//-level members. For basic info about e-mail (addresses, reader programs, file size, etc), please read the corresponding [[http://sdf.org/index.cgi?faq?EMAIL|FAQ]] entry and [[email_at_sdf|Accessing your SDF Email]] - and if you still have problems with basic sending and receiving of messages via SDF, this tutorial is most probably not for you!
 +
 +===== Forwarding E-Mail =====
 +
 +The ''sendmail'' system allows for automatic forwarding of incoming mail to other addresses or even programs (filters). The file //$HOME/.forward// may contain the following types of lines:
 +
 +^ line ^ description ^
 +| ''somebody@somewhere.com'' | external e-mail address, where a copy of each mail will be sent |
 +| ''|filterprogram'' | will pipe the incoming messages through ''/bin/sh'' with the argument ''filterprogram'' |
 +
 +However, if you want to do more than forwarding to one address, use of ''procmail'' is highly recommended! In fact, it is best to set up ''nospam'' (see below), which will generate a ''.forward'' file with a line calling ''procmail'', and then to modify the resulting ''.procmailrc''.
 +
 +**Note:** On the SDF cluster hosts, your .forward should contain the following:
 +
 +''%%"%%|IFS=' '&&exec /usr/libexec/procmail -f-||exit 75 #username%%"%%''
 +
 +Replace ‘username’ with your username. On the MetaArray, a .forward is not needed - the mail server on ma enables procmail processing for all users with a .procmailrc in their home directory. 
 +
 +===== Fetching E-Mail =====
 +
 +Use ''fetchmail'' to collect messages from accounts you might have elsewhere. The messages are given to ''procmail'' (see [[#Forwarding_E-Mail|Forwarding E-Mail]] above) for further processing.
 +
 +==== Sample ".fetchmailrc" ====
 +
 +<file config .fetchmailrc>
 +  poll pop.provider.net
 +       proto pop3
 +       user "john.doe"
 +       pass "secret"
 +       is "jdoe" here
 +       mda "/path/to/procmail -f- ~/.procmailrc"
 +       ssl;
 +</file>
 +
 +===== Fighting Spam =====
 +
 +To fight unwanted bulk e-mail (spam), there are several possibilities available on SDF:
 +
 +  - As a general remark, think before you publish or tell somebody your e-mail address! And try to make clear to people that you don't want your address on a visible list of 500 recipients from somebody's address book; one should use Bcc: for sending to a lot of people in parallel, not To:!
 +  - SDF also supports plus-addressing; you can use this to join mailing lists and do filters. This can be used by adding +something before the @ in your email address.
 +  - The [[http://sdf.org/index.cgi?faq?EMAIL?07|FAQ]] has more information about [[#nospam|nospam]], available on SDF.
 +  - The automatic mail processor “procmail” (see “man procmail” for more information) allows to filter incoming mail following user defined rules; in particular, you can generate a [[#whitelist|white list]] of sender addresses you know as good, and put messages from other addresses into a special folder which you browse through now and then, to check for good messages and adding the corresponding addresses to your white list.
 +
 +==== nospam ====
 +
 +''nospam'' is a script which can set up .forward and .procmailrc files so that certain e-mails will be stored in “bulk folders”.
 +
 +''nospam -i'' gives some additional information, and ''nospam -e'' will enable this filtering. We will suppose that this has been done also for the following discussion of [[#whitelist|white lists]].
 +
 +===== Personal White List Against Spam =====
 +
 +//White lists// contain e-mail addresses which are always to be accepted as good. It is easy to implement this with ''procmail'': Supposing that ''nospam -e'' has been executed, so that basic procmail processing is set up, one can add the following fragment to ''.procmailrc''.
 +
 +//Note:// For this to be working, the following //must// have been set up:
 +
 +  * a ''.forward'' file which pipes incoming e-mail through “procmail”
 +  * a standard ''.procmailrc'' file, where this fragment is attached or inserted
 +
 +The easiest method to install these files is by launching ''nospam -e'' as mentioned [[#nospam|above]], then adding the fragment to the generated ''.procmailrc''. \\  (Of course, it is possible to deactivate or delete all the initial procmailrc lines generated by nospam, which move messages with attachments to the bulk folder, if such messages should pass through the whitelist filter.)
 +
 +<file bash .procmailrc>
 +  # procmail spamfilter using whitelist (2006 Yargo Bonetti)
 +  # :: use at your own risk and any way you want! ::
 +  # whitelist: file containing one valid e-mail address per line
 +  # (only generic xxx@yyy.zz form, without "Name.." <*> parts)
 +  WHITELIST=$MAILDIR/.whitelist
 +  # spamfilter
 +  FROM=`formail -c -x 'From:'|sed -e 's/.*<\(.*@[^>]*\)>.*/\1/'`
 +  :0 hb:
 +  * ! ? grep -i -F -e "$FROM" $WHITELIST >/dev/null
 +  $MAILDIR/quarantine
 +</file>
 +
 +This will compare the address in the From: field of incoming messages to the ones saved in the file ''$MAILDIR/.whitelist'' (of course, name and location can be changed), and when an address is //not found// in this file, the message will be saved in the folder ''$MAILDIR/quarantine'' (which can be modified as well) and not show up in the normal Inbox (and not be processed further). Now and then, one can look through the quarantine folder for “good messages”, and add the corresponding addresses to the ''.whitelist'' file.
 +
 +If you want to use the mail directories proposed by nospam, you may prepend the above noted fragment by
 +
 +''MAILDIR=$HOME/mail''
 +
 +which will result in storing the “possibly bad” messages in ''~/mail/quarantine'' and expect the whitelist in ''~/mail/.whitelist''.
 +
 +A sample ''.whitelist'' may look like this:
 +
 +<file config .whitelist>
 +  my.friend@his.domain.com
 +  president@whitehouse.gov
 +  myself@gmail.com
 +</file>
 +
 +All messages not coming from these three addresses would end up in the “quarantine” folder defined in the ''.procmailrc'' fragment.
 +
 +===== Using Procmail With a DNSBL =====
 +
 +DNSBL stands for “DNS blacklist”, and it is essentially a collection of IP addresses known to send out spam and other bad stuff. Two popular DNSBLs are [[http://www.spamcop.net|SpamCop]] and [[http://www.spamhaus.org|Spamhaus]]. Typically the mail server will check the source of incoming mail with the DNSBL before even accepting the message. SDF does not do this, but using Procmail to check a DNSBL at the user level is easy. In this tutorial we will use Spamhaus.
 +
 +(Thank you [[http://www.benya.com/procmail/#dnsbl|Benya]] for the original instructions.)
 +
 +First make sure that ''~/.forward'' is set-up to forward incoming mail to Procmail. Then we'll edit ''~/.procmailrc''. The beginning of this file should declare basic variables such as ''SHELL=/bin/sh'', //LOGFILE=$HOME/.procmaillog//, ''ORGMAIL'', ''DEFAULT'', and ''MAILDIR''. ''ORGMAIL'' and ''DEFAULT'' should point to your inbox, and ''MAILDIR'' should point to the directory that contains your saved mail.
 +
 +Next Procmail should extract the IP address from which the message was sent. This is done using ''formail'' to get the headers, ''grep'' to find the correct line, and ''sed'' to find the actual IP address, which is then saved as ''SENDERIP''.
 +
 +<file config SENDERIP>
 +  SENDERIP = `formail -c -XReceived | grep "by mx.sdf.org" | \
 +  grep -v "from mx.sdf.org" | \
 +  sed "s/^Received: from .*\[\([0-9]*\.[0-9]*\.[0-9]*\.[0-9]*\)\].*by mx.sdf.org.*$/\1/"`
 +</file>
 +
 +Then we'll begin the actual Procmail recipe, which will only be executed after checking to make sure that the “SENDERIP” variable exists and is in the correct format. Anything written to the “LOG” variable will be inserted into the log file. (New lines must be explicitly stated.)
 +
 +<file>
 +  EOL= "
 +  "
 +  :0
 +  * SENDERIP ?? ^^[0-9]*\.[0-9]*\.[0-9]*\.[0-9]*^^
 +  {
 +  LOG = "The sender's IP address is $SENDERIP.$EOL"
 +</file>
 +
 +The next step is to reverse the IP address because Spamhaus wants it that way. Procmail will then use ''host'' to determine the IP address that [reversed IP address].zen.spamhaus.org resolves to.
 +
 +<file>
 +  SENDER_REVERSED = `expr "$SENDERIP" | \
 +  sed "s/\([0-9]*\)\.\([0-9]*\)\.\([0-9]*\)\.\([0-9]*\)/\4.\3.\2.\1/"`
 +
 +  KNOWNOFFENDER = `host "$SENDER_REVERSED".zen.spamhaus.org | \
 +  sed "s/^.*\(127\.0\.0\.[0-9]*\)$/\1/"`
 +</file>
 +
 +If Spamhaus returns an IP address between 127.0.0.0 and 127.0.0.9, then we know that this particular email is of dubious origin. In that case we can put it in the folder //$MAILDIR/Spam//. Otherwise, the message will get written to your inbox by default.
 +
 +<file>
 +  :0
 +  * KNOWNOFFENDER ?? ^^127.0.0.[0-9]*^^
 +  {
 +  LOG = "This sender is a known source of spam.$EOL"
 +
 +  :0:
 +  Spam
 +  }
 +
 +  LOG = "This sender is not a known source of spam.$EOL"
 +  }
 +</file>
 +
 +This completes the Procmail recipe.
 +
 +===== Not Having Your Mail Look Like Spam =====
 +
 +If you are using SDF's VPM service for your VHOST or other domain email accounts hosted here, you will want to add an SPF record so other services don't consider *your* email as spam: [[add_spf_record_for_your_vpm_mail|How to Add an SPF Record For Your VPM Mail]]
 +
 +===== Use SDF SMTP Server Remotely via SSH =====
 +
 +==== Introduction: ====
 +
 +Using SSH's port-forwarding capabilities, MetaARPA members can create an encrypted tunnel which makes the SDF SMTP mail server appear local, avoiding need for authentication or additional encryption.
 +
 +**Prerequisites:**
 +  * SDF MetaARPA membership
 +  * SSH plus suitable MUA (email program)
 +  * public key authentication (optional)
 +
 +==== Tunnel Construction: ====
 +
 +Port-forwarding can occur on ports 53, 110, 143, 443, and 993 on most SDF hosts.
 +
 +**example:**
 +Use port //443// on SDF host “//otaku//”, tunnel local port //2525// to port //25// on SDF host “//mx//” (SMTP server); restrict ssh to IPv4, no remote commands, run in background after connecting:
 +  %  ssh -4 -fN -p 443 -L 2525:mx:25 sdf_user@otaku.sdf.org
 +
 +Note if public key authentication isn't setup a password prompt occurs.
 +
 +==== Tunnel Test: ====
 +
 +//telnet(1)// can be used; type “//quit//” to exit session:
 +
 +> %  **telnet localhost 2525**
 +> Trying 127.0.0.1...
 +>Connected to localhost.
 +>Escape character is '^]'.
 +>220 sdf.org ESMTP Sendmail 8.14.5/8.14.3; Tue 13 Dec 2011 07:45:59 GMT
 +>**quit**
 +>221 2.0.0 sdf.org closing connection
 +>Connection closed by foreign host.
 +
 +==== Tunnel Usage: ====
 +
 +Configure MUA to use “//127.0.0.1//” (localhost), port //2525// for out-going messages. Also ensure the //From:// and //ReplyTo:// addresses are routeable. Handling of rejected email is MUA-dependent - some do queuing, others write to //$HOME/dead.letter// or ///dev/null//:
 +
 +**example:**
 +Configure and test the //Heirloom Mailx// MUA for user “//frog//” on localhost “//mud.bog//” to use //"localhost:2525"// for SMTP (off-site email):
 +>  # **//$HOME/.nailrc//**"
 +>  set smtp="localhost:2525"
 +>  set from="You <nowiki><someone@sdf.org></nowiki>"
 +>  set replyto="You <nowiki><someone@sdf.org></nowiki>"
 +>  %  **hmail -v someone@sdf.org**
 +>  Subject: tunneled SMTP test
 +>  test 123
 +> .
 +> Resolving host localhost . . . done.
 +> Connecting to 127.0.0.1:2525 . . . connected.
 +>220 sdf.org ESMTP Sendmail 8.14.5/8.14.3; Tue, 13 Dec 2011 08:21:22 GMT
 +> >>> HELO mud.bog
 +> 250 sdf.org Hello IDENT:root@otaku.sdf.org [192.94.73.6], pleased to meet you
 +> >>> MAIL FROM:
 +>250 2.1.0 ... Sender ok
 +> >>> RCPT TO:
 +>250 2.1.5 ... Recipient ok
 +> >>> DATA
 +>354 Enter mail, end with "." on a line by itself
 +> >>> .
 +> 250 2.0.0 pBD8LM7d000515 Message accepted for delivery
 +> >>> QUIT
 +> 221 2.0.0 sdf.org closing connection
 +
 +==== Tunnel Teardown: ====
 +
 +The SSH tunnel can be torn down by identifying the appropriate PID (process ID) and sending it a //kill// signal, via the //kill(1)// command or similar tool. The following illustrates the teardown process using //sockstat(1)// to determine the PID on the //NetBSD// operating system:
 +
 +<code>
 +%  **sockstat -np 2525**
 +USER     COMMAND    PID   FD PROTO  LOCAL ADDRESS         FOREIGN ADDRESS
 +frog      ssh       24362  7 tcp    127.0.0.1.2525        *.*
 +%  **kill -HUP 24362**
 +Killed by signal 1.
 +</code>
 +
 +==== Tunnel Maintenance: ====
 +
 +Network connections can fail for various reasons; a keep-alive script can help:
 +(script contributed by SDF user //nullogic// - thanks!)
 +
 +<file bash>
 +#!/bin/bash
 +# sdftun.sh: Keep alive script for local ssh tunnel from home to SDF SMTP
 +SSH_USER=
 +SSH_HOST='faeroes.freeshell.org'
 +SSH_PORT=443
 +SSH_ARGS='-N -f -L'
 +TAG_HOST=mx
 +TAG_PORT=25
 +LIS_PORT=8080
 +LOG_FILE=~/l0g/sdftun.log
 +SLEEP="30m"
 +while [ 1 ]; do
 +SSH_PID=`ps aux | sed -n -e /sed/d -e /ssh\ \-N/p | wc -m`
 +if [ $SSH_PID -eq 0 ]; then
 +ssh $SSH_ARGS $LIS_PORT:$TAG_HOST:$TAG_PORT $SSH_USER@$SSH_HOST \
 +-p$SSH_PORT &>/dev/null
 +DATE_TIME=`date '+%y.%m.%d %T'`
 +echo "$DATE_TIME SSH Tunnel restarted.">>$LOG_FILE
 +fi
 +sleep $SLEEP
 +done
 +</file>
 +
 +Writing the PID to a file at the time of tunnel creation can simplify the ID process.
 +
 +===== References =====
 +
 +  * Setting up [[http://sdf.org/?tutorials/SSH-SDF#public_key|Public Key Authentication]]
 +  * OpenSSH FAQ: How do I use [[http://openssh.com/faq.html#2.11|Port Forwarding?]]
 +
 +----
 +
 +[[http://sdf.org/?tutorials/e-mail-advanced|e-mail advanced]] - traditional link (using [[wp>Revision_Control_System|RCS]])